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Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Social Construction Of Race Essay - 736 Words

Social Construction Of Race In society, race clearly affects one’s life chances. These are the chances of getting opportunities and gaining experience for progression. The social construction of race is based on privileges and availability of resources. Looking at society and the formation of race in a historical context, whites have always held some sort of delusional belief of a â€Å"white-skin privilege.† This advantage grants whites an advantage in society whether one desires it or not. This notion is often commonly referred to as reality. In order for one to understand how racism has come to be what we know it as today, we must first examine the Constitution of the United States. This document clearly states, â€Å"We the†¦show more content†¦I believe that of the rights denied to many, the most significant were those that were denied to the slaves. Slaves were certainly people, although their rights were not secured in the Constitution. Being that their right to vote was denied, they were forced to live in a society in which the government officials did not represent their race. Hence, this produced a nation that was segregated into two very separate classes. Segregated from one another on a social status level, the classes consisted of those who ran the country and those who worked to live in it. As you can see, inequalities have plagued America for hundreds of years and continue to do so. I believe racism to be as apparent today if not more profound then in the past. A large portion of society believes that no man is still to this day denied any unalienable rights. I do not believe this statement to be true. We have adopted affirmative action programs and enforced strict equal opportunity employment laws to hinder discrimination. Although I believe it is still a very prevalent issue in today’s society. Despite laws, investigations and results show that twenty percent of African Americans interviewing for jobs were turned down due to the color of their skin (Omi and Winant 67-68). Indeed racism may be very subtle in most cases; it is not a thing of the past but rather a very serious problem in society that evolvesShow MoreRelatedRace And Race : The Social Construction Of Race858 Words   |  4 PagesThe race is an indefinite term, which has not been created from science or research, but more so the idea of what it is. Essentially, race is all about percept ion. One person may separate races based on a certain category of traits while another person uses totally different guidelines to define what races there are. Race has ultimately been created socially, therefor has no biological components until people connect the two terms. This paper examines the connection between society and race whileRead MoreRace As A Social Construction1679 Words   |  7 PagesAlisha Sparks Dr. Stanley POLS 24 November 2015 Race as a Social Construction When we talk about race, what are we really talking about? The issue of race is a complex issue, with socially ambiguous undertones that have plagued our society for decades. Race has been a marker and maker of stereotypes. Race has been used as a justification for injustice. Whether slavery, Japanese internment, or social and economic exclusion, race has given an avenue for those in power to exclude ones deemed ‘other’Read MoreThe Social Construction Of Race1242 Words   |  5 Pagesfoundation for what appears to be the social construction of race. Somewhere along the lines, eugenics became more about isolating certain human characteristics, like skin color, and relegating them to a hierarchy of societal importance (Norrgard, 2008). Race is simply defined as a pattern-based concept that allows for the general public to draw conclusions based on an individual’s geographical location and thereby predetermining their inclusion into a particular social group (Yudel l, et al., 2016) TheRead MoreRace As A Social Construction822 Words   |  4 Pageswhat is race? The term race is difficult to define as a result of the belief that it is â€Å"racist† to talk about race. Although how do we know what race is if we do not discuss it within society. After much thought I defined race as an individual’s background that may be used to describe their ancestor’s demographics as well as their religion. However, today people tend to put more emphasis on race being the color of an individual’s skin. As discussed in class society does not understand what race is,Read MoreThe Social Construction Of Race1638 Words   |  7 Pagesstupid immoral, diseased, lazy, incompetent, and dangerous to the white man’s virtue and social order â€Å"(p.181). Blackness have become objectified in public spaces, they are view as a threat on the street of Toronto, surrounding areas and even in the criminal justice system. In fact this negative stereotype of criminalization have put Black males under scrutiny and constant surveillance. The social construction of race by the dominant belief system are still embedded in society that capitalized on minoritiesRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Race1743 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Social Construction of Race, Ian F. Haney Lopez defines race as a social construct that is constantly changing its meaning due to the fickle nature of society. Lopez believes that this fickleness stems from a social climate formed by a variety of factors such as human economic interest, current events, and ideology. There are certain racial definitions however, that have remained mostly the same despite efforts to bring attention to the offensiveness and immorality of such discriminatory thinkingRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Race2146 Words   |  9 PagesAbadjivor AFAS 304B Professor Machibya 30 March 2015 The Social Construction of Race The underlying characteristic of race concepts is found in its use of phenotypes and physical differences in order to gain an understanding of why there are different people that exist in the world. These differences have been used in understanding the behaviors, intellect, and the value of humans through connecting different characteristics to different classified races. Using phenotypical differences to understand certainRead MoreRace As A Social Construction966 Words   |  4 PagesRace is a concept only existing in societies with systems of oppression based on social racism. In chapter eleven: Inequality, they discuss how, â€Å"There is nothing intrinsic about, for example, any racial or ethnic group that makes it distinct from any other; race and ethnicity are dynamic, fluid categories that are socially defined†(Ritzer). The oppression of â€Å"superior† groups demonstrates on â€Å"inferior† groups is one consequence of race as a social construction, whic h is to have one’s identity reducedRead MoreRace Is A Social Construction1074 Words   |  5 Pagesthe term â€Å"race† should not be used. Scholars and others argue that the term â€Å"race† should not be used because there is no biological basis for the concept of race. Geneticists have determined that code for physical traits (the key distinguishing characteristic for â€Å"race†) are inherited independently of one another. Any attempts there have been to define race based on genes are futile, because there is no set of genes that everyone within the â€Å"race† has. Scholars argue that race is a social constructionRead MoreSocial Construction of Race1867 Words   |  8 PagesThere is perhaps no bigger and more expansive social construction known to man than the construction of race. In earlier times race meant a tie to national origin, Greek race, Roman race, etc. race underwent a big change in meaning to it’s more contemporary form to distinguish biological differences of physical features and skin color (Wiegman 157). Film and television in this century and the twentieth century have aided and perpetuated stereotypes of race. These stereotypes have been most associated

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

The Status Of The Arab Minority - 864 Words

The status of the Arab minority (Palestinian Arab) in Israel has been a persistent question since the 1948 war, or as the Arab minority identifies it, â€Å"Al-Nakba† or â€Å"Catastrophe.† While Israel self-identifies as the nation state of the Jewish people, approximately twenty percent of people within its borders identify as Arab — yet, it often unclear what their rights and roles are in a state that has historically discriminated against them and treated them as second class citizens.The fight for collective rights has been a decades long struggle, hindered in part due to the divisions within the Arab community, which is made up of Druze, Christians, Bedouins, and Muslims, groups with different political interests and priorities. The lack of unification has kept them from gaining collective rights or significant political clout within Israel. Thus, to this day, Arab citizens are disproportionately impoverished, unemployed, and uneducated compared to their Is raeli peers. However, the path to a solution is complicated by both external and internal Israeli security concerns and a desire to maintain the character of a Jewish State. Thus, while the alienated Palestinian minority poses a legitimate challenge to the future of Israel, the status quo is unlikely to change. Since the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948, the Arab minority has been subject to policies and attitudes, in the name of Israel’s security, that have engendered inequality, discrimination, and divisionsShow MoreRelatedSociolinguistics and Development of Israel’s Arab Minority1368 Words   |  6 Pages The objective of this report is to give a concise study regarding the Arab minority in Israel. It will trace some significant issues that have impacted the overall linguistic reality, nevertheless the marginalization of Arabs in that small but complex country. It will track the language policy adopted in that country, the educational, political,practical,social,ideological reasons that have lead to the Arabic status in Israel. Spolsky and shohamy(1999a:41)suggest an obvious difference among threeRead MoreArab-Jewish Cooperation and Peaceful Coexistence845 Words   |  3 Pagesviewed as the minorities, which cause them to be alienated. The Israelites were instructed to withdraw from the West Bank and Gaza territories, by policymakers and supporters of peace, in order to create a solid Jewish majority within the states boundaries. The peace process had no positive effect for the Palestinian citizen, instead it alienated them to confined within these two cities alone. Integration is he ld back not only by the Israelites exclusion, but also by the Palestinian’s minority findingRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography : The Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini742 Words   |  3 Pagesprocesses of characters and what factors led them to arrive to such consequences. â€Å"Afghanistan-Hazaras.† Minority Rights Group, Minority Rights Group International, minorityrights.org/minorities/hazaras/. Accessed 14 Aug. 2017. This is a trustworthy source of understanding Hazara people. All the information regarding Hazaras is published by Minority Right Group. Their mission is to help minorities around the world to have their voices heard. The source provides valuable point regarding struggles facedRead MoreRace As A Social Construction1679 Words   |  7 Pagesblacks and slaves alike. They gave extended privileges to anyone deemed white and diminished the stature of freed blacks. Slave codes restricted the movement of slaves, while immediately validating the idea that white indentured servants had higher status by virtue of their race. This establishment of slave codes was not the full extent of legalized race based policy in the United States. The United States Constitution protected the institution of chattel slavery and simultaneously devalued the personhoodRead MoreEssay on Racism in Disneys Aladdin993 Words   |  4 PagesDisney’s movie Aladdin (1992), â€Å"was a high-profile release, the winner of two Academy Awards, and one of the most successful Disney films ever produced† (Giroux, 104); however, what is often disregarded is the obvious depiction of careless racism towards Arabs seen in the illustrations of the characters, the statuses into which they are placed and the lyrics of the opening song near beginning of the film. Furthermore, with the movie disguising itself as innocent and wholesome, children are exposed to theseRead MoreThree lines of poetry plot the trajectory of Arab national consciousness. â€Å"Awake, O Arabs, and600 Words   |  3 PagesThree lines of poetry plot the traj ectory of Arab national consciousness. â€Å"Awake, O Arabs, and arise!† begins the famous ode of Ibrahim al-Yaziji, penned in 1868 in Lebanon. Around that time, but even today, we saw people who insisted on sovereign Arab states in the Middle East. They thus seem to assume that there is one universal Arab identity, but what does this entail, and can we even speak of an Arab identity, looking at the historical perspective of the region that we call the Middle EastRead MoreThe Syrian Conflict Of The Middle East1336 Words   |  6 PagesAs an Arab I constantly heard other Arabs around me blame every problem big or small in the Middle East being caused by the Western colonizers that colonized the Arab states in the 20th century. Now I defiantly don’t blame the British and French for all of our problems but indeed they are the root cause of some of the problems in the Middle East, and their meddling in the current affairs in the Middle East is adding on to the problems w e have and causing new ones erupt. Out of all the problems inRead More Understanding the Benefits of Ethnic Divide Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesa system designed to overcome societal discrimination of the past by forcing privileges into the hands of minorities (Brunner, par. 1). These privileges translate into unquestioned college enrollment, job opportunities, and additional resources. Heralded as a great step in the fight for civil rights, affirmative action has indeed helped to bridge the racial gap among citizens of varying status. Amid these good intentions however, downsides in the system became obvious as early as the 1970?s, broughtRead MoreEssay on Criminal Profiling1253 Words   |  6 Pagesof profiling is on the offender’s ethic race. Racial profiling allows people to target race in racial profiling in the belief that certain races commit more crimes than other races (Ridgeway, 2007). The minority groups such as African-Americans, Hispanic Americans, Japanese- Americans, and Arab Middle-East Americans (Persico, 2002). are often targeted because of their unique backgrounds, language and their appearance. Racial profiling is discriminatory, ineffective, and counter-productive to protectingRead MoreThe Muslim Community1163 Words   |  5 PagesThe Muslim community has faced many microassaults, microinsults, and microinvalidations in America. The microassaults reflect the conscious discrimination about a population. Many of the microassaults consisted of people stating that Arabs or Middle Eastern citizens are terrorists. Because of September 11, 2011, many have condemned one group of citizens as the reason for war in America. The microinsults consisted of every Muslim that comes to an airport being required to be checked, in hopes of safety

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Waste Management Paper and Pulp Industries

Question: Discuss about theWaste Managementfor Paper and Pulp Industries. Answer: Introduction Paper and pulp industries are some of the leading pollutants globally. The process manufacturing entails bleaching and pulping stages. Pulping is the first stage with the highest source of pollution in this industry. The stage entails the treatment of wood chips to get rid of lignin improve the fiber to be used in making paper. The process uses a lot of water and energy. However, the amount of water and energy used depends on the production process despite the technologies available. Having this in mind, the essay will identify the major pollutants and the treatment strategies available to eliminate/ manage the waste. Overview In this industry, the wastewater released contains a concentration of chemicals like sodium carbonate, chlorine dioxide, and hydrochloric acid. The major issue with the wastewater is the high concentration of organic content, absorbable halide (AOX), and many other toxic pollutants. The environmental issues related to paper and pulp industry are not restricted to the amount of water consumed. In this case, the wastewater, wastes like mud generated from treatment plants, and polluted air is some of the pollution issues that face this industry. The removal of wastes results to environmental issues due to the pathogens, organic matter, heavy metals, and ash. Therefore, effective treatment and disposal approaches for these wastes are vital. Discussed below in detail are some of the main waste products released from this industry. Wastewater Wastewaters released as of the bleaching and pulping are considerably exceptional depending on the processes and the type of chemical used. About 300 m3 of water is used in pulping and most of the water released is highly polluted. However, pulping, wood preparation, washing, screening, bleaching, and the coating are the common source of pollution (Bajpai 2009). Solid and Toxic Wastes Solid wastes and wastewater are the major environmental problem from the paper and pulping industry. Solid wastes from the pulping industry consist of lime mud, sludges, and liquor dregs. Solid wastes contain a considerable alarm to the environment as they contain chlorinated elements. Therefore, adequate disposal mechanism for the solid wastes should be instituted to reduce damage on the environmental. Gases Poison gas emission are also the major alarm in the paper and pulp manufacturing. Water vapors are the critical air emissions as they contain nitrogen oxides, organic compounds (OCs), and sulfur compounds (Afonso Pinho 2011). Waste Management In this industry, the use of energy and energy brings about the substantial measure of wastes like water, air pollution, and solid waste. Distinctive sorts of waste are generated from the various paper creation steps and every one of these stages poses environmental problems. To take care of this issue: Waste reduction should be conducted by utilizing new and appropriate technologies. End-of-pipe treatment advancements in technology ought to be utilized before the release of the waste products. Waste Reduction Waste reduction is done in two ways. First is through recycling and chemical revitalization. This framework, particularly in the chemical pulping process, minimizes toxins and besides, economic gain is another imperative viewpoint. Chemical regain is vital due to the fundamental financial feasibility of kraft procedure. According to Albertson (2010), all kraft paper and pulp factories globally utilize chemical recovery frameworks. In any case, no chemical recovery is used in some sulfite factories. Furthermore, scrubber systems like electrostatic precipitators are apparatus used to control air pollution. Second, in order to limit waste generation from the plants is the use of best accessible techniques as indicated by the Integrated Pollution, Prevention, and Control (IPPC) guideline. A successful waste reduction technique minimizes cost, risk, administrative weights of unsafe waste management (Andreasan, Agertved, Petersen Skaarup 2010). Besides, risky waste can be minimized by was te reduction strategies including: Generation and arranging process alteration as well as adjustment raw material substitution housekeeping waste isolation and separation recycling End- of- pipe Treatment The expansion of small salts particles to produce bigger particles is the basic rule of the technique. Research is being conducted to determine the best chemicals from hexamethylene diamine epichlorohydrin polycondensate, Al2(SO4)3, horseradish peroxide (chitosan), polyethyleneimine (PEI) to expel AOX. However, Aghamohammadi and Durai-Swamy (2015) points out that chitosan is more compelling in the removal of toxins from the main pollutant. For instance, the use of chitosan removes 96% of alum salt from paper, 60% of COD in pulping, and 20% COD in bleaching effluents. In addition, using polyelectrolytes is more efficient than the ordinary coagulant in the extraction of COD, color, and turbidity (Afonso Pinho 2011). Summary and Conclusion The demand for paper is on the increase due to industrialization. Water and energy use and the generation of waste is becoming an area of concern worldwide. The main objective is to lessen the damage on the environment by waste minimization, recycle, and reuse. Nevertheless, end-of-pipe is the most effective way to treat waste. To assess the waste and create treatment technologies require an all-encompassing step. The major contamination stack constitutes wastewaters from the pulp and paper plants. An assortment of wastewater is created from various procedures. Effective technologies have been utilized for this treatment. However, the effective way for the treatment of waste is through the biological, anaerobic, and aerobic treatment procedures. Solid waste disposal and management is also an area of concern. Amid the last transfer step, the step ought to be waste and chemical recovery due to the environmental concerns. The best accessible treatment technologies for every one of the t hree waste stages relies on upon the forms of production, raw materials, and the laws and regulations, which the businesses need to comply. However, it is critical for these industries to come up with effective strategies for waste management to prevent further damage to the environment. Reference List Afonso, M.D. Pinho, M.N. 2011. Membrane separation processes in pulp and paper production. Filter. Sep., Vol.2, No.1, pp.42 4. Aghamohammadi, B. Durai-Swamy, K. 2015.A disposal alternative for sludge waste from recycled paper and cardboard. Environmental Issues and Technology in the Pulp and Paper Industry. A TAPPI Press Anthology of Published Papers, 19911994, pp. 445449. Albertson, D.M. 2010. Paper sludge waste disposal problem or energy opportunity. Energy Products of Idaho. Andreasen, K.; Agertved, J.; Petersen, J.O. Skaarup, H. 2010 Improvement of sludge settle ability in activated sludge plants treating effluent from pulp and paper industries. Water Sci. Technol., Vol. 40, No.11 12, pp.21521. Bajpai, P. 2009. Treatment of pulp and paper mill effluents with anaerobic technology. Randalls Road, Leatherhead, UK: Pira International.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Spousal Assault Essays - Abuse, Violence Against Men,

Spousal Assault Spousal assault is either the male or the female of the relationship who is being beaten up very brutally by their partner, such as a marriage. In most violent marriages the women in most cases are mostly subjected to spousal assaults. Women who are subjected to such beatings by there spouses are considered to Be known as "Battered wives. Wife assult is to be known as a very serious crime when committed this type of action can happen to any person at any age of there lives. Their husbands or even their boyfriends beat up over one million Canadian women each year. There are five types of wife abuse that are physical, psychological, emotional, sexual and also financial. Some men beat their wives to a point until they receive power and control over there battered wives spousal assault is a continuing process by which has many contributing factors. A common myth about wife abuse is that it is direct result of the perpetuators drinking problem and if it is treated, the addiction and abuse would end. Alcohol and different types of drugs do not cause the spouse to beat there wives senseless but although the alcohol may be contributing factor to the abusement. Many of the men who are constantly abusing their wives do so with out any substance abuse .The men who are beating their wives have one main reason for doing so and that is to gain power, and to gain control over their wives. If they realize that they have not received enough control and power over their wives they would continue to do so till they do gain there advantage over there wives. The man who constantly drinks and does drugs when they batter their wives is used as an excuse for beating their wives up.Alcohol is a strong substance that can cause the men to be highly encouragably that can cause the men to be very violent. Many of the abusive men who have increasingly battered their wives Page 2 to a pulp try to apologies to their wives and want them to forgive them for there wrongful act and try to make up many excuses that she had done some thing wrong such phrases as these: " If you had been a better wife ", " Oh , it was your fault " , " Your not being a good mother to the kids or to the family ." " then you would not have deserved to be beaten up ". Beaten up their wives is all about control and power over their wives. The man tries to control what she does, whom she is talking to all the time and even keeps a track on her to see where she is going at any time of the day. If the wife does not listen to the " King " they try to intimidate their wives by putting fear in their wives by giving them fearful looks, unusual actions , giving her threatening gestures , talking to her in a loud despicable voice. Grabbing things of her property and smashing and throwing them all over the house. The husband believes that he has absolute power and ever-lasting control over his wife. Most of the men consider them selves as the king of the castle in other word the home. He thinks that he is the one who makes the " Big " decisions in the home. And also not letting the wife make any rules of her own in the home, and she is also expected to listen the man if not she knows what would happen if she doesn't listen to her husband. The man takes it as an advantage to control the household so no one is able to over control him. Making or carrying out threats to his wife or emotionally hurting her is another way that the man wants power over his wife. Using the children to make the wife feel guilty in a way the man will sometimes do to harass her, Many of the men will ask their wives to do very sickening sexual things to him even though she doesn't want to do such an act with him. Always physically attacking her sexual parts on her body and treating her like a sex object that can be very ridiculing for a woman, the man sexually abuses her. There are five forms of wife abuse. Firstly, psychological abuse. Psychological abuse is when the women live with the constant fear

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

The Anthropos Family

The Anthropos Family The Anthropos Family The Anthropos Family By Mark Nichol The Greek noun anthropos, meaning â€Å"male human being† or â€Å"man,† is the root of some familiar and not-so-familiar English words, which are listed and defined below. The best known of these are likely anthropology, which literally means â€Å"the study of humans† and refers to just that- especially in a cultural and social context (and, in a distinct theological sense, to their nature and origin)- and philanthropy (literally, â€Å"love for man†) which pertains generally to promoting the welfare of humans but usually is employed in contexts in which funding or gifts is provided for humanitarian purposes (or for cultural enrichment). The adjectival forms are anthropological and philanthropic, respectively, and those who practice such endeavors are anthropologists and philanthropists. A misanthrope, meanwhile, is unlikely to undertake either one pursuit; a misanthropic person (who practices misanthropy) has contempt or hatred for humans. Apanthropy, meanwhile, refers to the love of solitude or an aversion to human interaction. Anthropic means â€Å"relating to humans or to their time on Earth†; the term is part of the phrase â€Å"anthropic principle,† which refers to the belief that the universe, from the subatomic level to the scale of galaxies, was designed with humans in mind, though the conditions that make human life possible also make all known life-forms possible. (This is also known as the strong anthropic principle, to distinguish it from the weak anthropic principle, which reasons that this idea was able to be formulated only because a life-friendly universe allows sentient minds to observe and reflect on it.) The phenomenon of ascribing human attributes or forms to nonhumans, whether animals, gods, or objects, or to nature, is anthropomorphism (literally, â€Å"the idea of human form†). Cartoon characters who display human characteristics, therefore, are anthropomorphic. Anthropathy (literally, â€Å"human feelings†), meanwhile, is a related concept: that divine beings have emotions. An anthropoid is a primate that more or less resembles a human being, though the term has also been used pejoratively to describe people of inferior breeding or intelligence. On a related note, pithecanthropus (â€Å"ape man†) is the label for one of two extinct anthropoid species. Zoanthropy is a mental disorder in which a person believes that he or she has become an animal and behaves like one; lycanthropy originally referred to a delusion that one is a wolf, though it usually is associated with werewolf folklore. Anthropophagy (â€Å"man eating†) is a fancy synonym for cannibalism. (One who practices cannibalism is anthropophagous.) Anthropolatry is deification or worship of a human. By contrast, psilanthropism (â€Å"the idea of being a mere human†) is a rejection of the divinity of Jesus. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Rules for Writing Numbers and Numerals34 Writing Tips That Will Make You a Better Writer10 Functions of the Comma

Friday, November 22, 2019

Best Summary and Analysis The Great Gatsby, Chapter 4

Best Summary and Analysis The Great Gatsby, Chapter 4 SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Fresh from theworld of organized parties that we saw in Chapter 3, now we dive head-first into the world of organized crime. In TheGreat GatsbyChapter 4, our narrator Nick gets a short private audience with one of New York’s premier gangsters - Meyer Wolfshiem, Gatsby’s business partner. But, just as Chapter 4 exposes the seamy side of get-rich-quick East Coast life, we also learn the origin story of Gatsby’s love for Daisy. So, basically: come toThe Great GatsbyChapter 4for human teeth as jewelry, stay for the thwarted romance. Quick Note on Our Citations Our citation format in this guide is (chapter.paragraph). We're using this system since there are many editions of Gatsby, so using page numbers would only work for students with our copy of the book. To find a quotation we cite via chapter and paragraph in your book, you can either eyeball it (paragraph 1-50: beginning of chapter; 50-100: middle of chapter; 100-on: end of chapter), or use the search function if you're using an online or eReader version of the text. The Great Gatsby: Chapter 4Summary Sunday morning, people come back to Gatsby’s.New rumors circulate – that Gatsby is a bootlegger and that he is the nephew of German General von Hindenburg (a successful military commander in the war). Nick makes a list of the people who came to Gatsby’s parties that summer. There are East Egg names that sound very WASPy, West Egg names that are distinctly more ethnic-sounding (with clearly German, Polish, Irish, and Jewish names featured), and a bunch of theater nameswho connect back to the idea of Gatsby as a theater producer. One morning in July, Gatsby picks Nick up in his beautiful car and takes him to Manhattan forlunch. They don’t have much to talk about, but suddenly, Gatsby tells Nick to ignore all the rumors about him – he’ll tell him the real deal. According to Gatsby, he was born to a wealthy Midwestern family, his parents are dead, and he was educated at Oxford per family tradition. Nick immediately thinks Gatsby is lying. Gatsby continues his story: he bummed around Europe depressed until the war, then fought bravely enough to get medals from all the Allied governments. Gatsby shows Nick a real-looking medal inscribed to him and a photograph from his Oxford days. Nick is convinced. Apparently this crazy, too-good-to-be-true story really is true. Gatsby tells Nick that this information is a kind of payment for a favor he will ask for later – mysteriously, Nick will find out what the favor is from Jordan. On the drive to Manhattan, Nick sees Mr. Wilson in his gas station. Gatsby is speeding, but when a policeman tries to pull him over, he shows the cop awhite card and the cop politely and apologetically waves them on. Gatsby claims that this happened because the police commissioner owes him a solid. Nick revels in the â€Å"anything goes† quality of Manhattan as they drive past a funeral procession and a car with both black and white passengers. Even Gatsby wouldn’t stand out here. At lunch, Gatsby introduces Nick to Meyer Wolfshiem, who is described in offensive anti-Semitic terms. Nick mocks his speech patterns, his appearance, and his mannerisms, which in his mind seem to connect as closely to Wolfshiembeing Jewish as to him being a gangster. Wolfshiem reminisces about another restaurant, where he witnessed a gangland execution (and was clearly an active participant in gang activity). Nick remembers the case, and that the shooters were put to death by electric chair. It suddenly turns out that Wolfsheim thinks that Gatsby introduced Nick as a potential business prospect, but Gatsby clarifies that Nick is simply a friend. Gatsby apologizes for not telling Nick about whatever the favor will be, and then takes off to make a phone call, leaving Nick and Wolfshiem together. Wolfshiem talks Gatsby up to Nick, confirming that he is an Oxford man.Wolfsheim then points out that his own cufflinks are made out of human molars, and out of nowhere says that Gatsby would never hit on a friend’s wife. When Gatsby returns, Wolfshiem takes off. Nick wonders what he does for a living, and Gatsby tells him that Wolfshiem is a gambler – and the man who fixed the 1919 World Series (what’s now also known as the â€Å"Chicago Black Sox Scandal†).Nick is staggered by the thought that one man could have done such a huge thing. Nick then sees Tom in the restaurant, and they go over to say hello. Gatsby becomes extremely uncomfortable and disappears. Later that day, Jordan tells Nick the following story: In 1917, when she was 16, Jordan became good friends with Daisy in Louisville. Daisy was 18, super popular, with a white car, white clothes, and tons of boys asking her out. On the day Daisy chose to single Jordan out as a new friend, Daisy was having a romantic afternoon with Jay Gatsby. A few years later, Jordan heard a story that Daisy had tried to run away from home to say goodbye to a soldier going overseas. Six months later, Daisy married Tom Buchanan in the biggest wedding ever. Tom’s wedding present to Daisy was a pearl necklace worth $350,000 (over five million dollars in today’s money). Jordan was one of Daisy’s bridesmaids. The night before the wedding, she found Daisy completely wasted, holding a letter. Daisy drunkenly cried and begged Jordan to call off the wedding. She then crumpled the letter up in the bathtub.But the next day, none of this was mentioned, and the wedding went fine. After the honeymoon, Daisy seemed very much in love with Tom, but Tom was already cheating on her. Daisy, meanwhile, has never had affairs – at least none that anyone knows about. Jordan finishes her story by saying that when Nick came to dinner with Daisy and Tom is the first time Daisy had heard the name Gatsby in all these years – and she realized that he was the same Gatsby she had known in Louisville. Nick is amazed at the coincidence. Jordan replies that it’s not a coincidence at all – Gatsby bought the house across the bay on purpose. Gatsby would like Nick to invite Daisy over one day, and then let Gatsby come over also, â€Å"accidentally† meeting Daisy there.Nick is floored by the insanity of this level of planning. Jordan thinks maybe Gatsby expected Daisy to come to one of his parties, and when that didn’t happen, he made up this new plan.Nick and Jordan make out. I, for one, would love to see the flow chart of Gatsby’s elaborately laborious planning process. Its wheels within wheels are at "Count of Monte Cristo" level! Key Chapter 4 Quotes "I'm going to make a big request of you today," he said, pocketing his souvenirs with satisfaction, "so I thought you ought to know something about me. I didn't want you to think I was just some nobody. You see, I usually find myself among strangers because I drift here and there trying to forget the sad thing that happened to me." (4.43) The more Gatsby seems to reveal about himself, the more he deepens the mystery– it’s amazing how clichà ©d and yet how intriguing the â€Å"sad thing† he mentions immediately is. It’s also interesting that Gatsby uses his origin story as a transaction – he’s not sharing his past with Nick to form a connection, but as advance payment for a favor. At the same time, there’s a lot of humor in this scene. Imagine any time you told anyone something about yourself, you then had to whip out some physical object to prove it was true! A dead man passed us in a hearse heaped with blooms, followed by two carriages with drawn blinds and by more cheerful carriages for friends. The friends looked out at us with the tragic eyes and short upper lips of south-eastern Europe, and I was glad that the sight of Gatsby's splendid car was included in their somber holiday. As we crossed Blackwell's Island a limousine passed us, driven by a white chauffeur, in which sat three modish Negroes, two bucks and a girl. I laughed aloud as the yolks of their eyeballs rolled toward us in haughty rivalry. "Anything can happen now that we've slid over this bridge," I thought; "anything at all. . . ." Even Gatsby could happen, without any particular wonder. (4.56-58) In a novel so concerned with fitting in, with rising through social ranks, and with having the correct origins, it’s always interesting to see where those who fall outside this ranking system are mentioned. Just he earlier described loving the anonymity of Manhattan, here Nick finds himself enjoying a similar melting-pot quality as he sees an indistinctly ethnic funeral procession (â€Å"south-eastern Europe† most likely means the people are Greek) and a car with both black and white people in it. What is now racist terminology is here used pejoratively, but not necessarily with the same kind of blind hatred that Tom demonstrates. Instead, Nick can see that within the black community there are also social ranks and delineations – he distinguishes between the way the fiveblack men in the car are dressed, and notes that they feel ready to challenge him and Gatsby in some car-related way. Do they want to race? To compare clothing? It’s unclear, but it adds to the sense of possibility that the drive to Manhattan always represents in the book. "Meyer Wolfshiem? No, he's a gambler." Gatsby hesitated, then added coolly: "He's the man who fixed the World's Series back in 1919." "Fixed the World's Series?" I repeated. The idea staggered me. I remembered of course that the World's Series had been fixed in 1919 but if I had thought of it at all I would have thought of it as a thing that merely happened, the end of some inevitable chain. It never occurred to me that one man could start to play with the faith of fifty million peoplewith the single-mindedness of a burglar blowing a safe. "How did he happen to do that?" I asked after a minute. "He just saw the opportunity." "Why isn't he in jail?" "They can't get him, old sport. He's a smart man." (4.3-9) Nick’s amazement at the idea of one man being behind an enormous event like the fixed World Series is telling. For one thing, the powerful gangster as a prototype of pulling-himself-up-by-his-bootstraps, self-starting man, which the American Dreamholds up as a paragon of achievement, mocks this individualist ideal. It also connects Gatsby to the world of crime, swindling, and the underhanded methods necessary to effect enormous change. In a smaller, less criminal way, watching Wolfshiem maneuver has clearly rubbed off on Gatsby and his convolutedly large-scale scheme to get Daisy’s attention by buying an enormous mansion nearby. Suddenly I wasn't thinking of Daisy and Gatsby any more but of this clean, hard, limited person who dealt in universal skepticism and who leaned back jauntily just within the circle of my arm. A phrase began to beat in my ears with a sort of heady excitement: "There are only the pursued, the pursuing, the busy and the tired." (4.164) Nick thinks this about Jordan while they are kissing. Two things to ponder: Which one does he think he is: the pursued or the pursuing? The busy or the tired? Perhaps we are meant to match these adjectives up to the two people involved in the main love story, in which case Gatsby is both the pursuing and the busy, while Daisy is the pursued and the tired. If Tom, Daisy, and Gatsby are locked into a romantic triangle (or square, if we include Myrtle), then Jordan and Nick are vying for the position of narrator. Nick presents himself as the objective, nonjudgmental observer – the confidant of everyone he meets. So it’s interesting that here we get his perspective on Jordan’s narrative style – â€Å"universal skepticism† – right after she gets to take over telling the story for a huge chunk of the chapter. Which is the better approach, we are being asked, the overly credulous or the jaded and disbelieving? Are we more likely to believe Jordan when she says something positive about someone since she is so quick to find fault? For example, it seems important that she be the one to state that Daisy hasn’t had any affairs, not Nick. Ladies and gentlemen, the 1919 Chicago â€Å"Black† Sox. Not major league baseball’s finest hour. The Great GatsbyChapter 4Analysis How does the text of this chapterinvoke the major themes of the novel? Let's investigate. Overarching Themes Society and Class. The list of East and West Egg names clearly ties into Tom’s earlier fixationon the book about the â€Å"white race† being in danger of being overwhelmed by â€Å"other races†. Here, we see that the people who until very recently were newcomer immigrants to America are now becoming rich enough to populate West Egg – and it is because of this seeming encroachment that the old money society is circling its wagons ever more. It is interesting that Gatsby’s mansion is a kind of demilitarized zone where these two groups of people encounter each other. The American Dream. Gatsby’s attempt to sell Nick on an origin story of himself as the scion of a wealthy family again points to his desire for self-invention and self-mythologizing. It also shows that he doesn’t want to present himself as an American Dream success story, but instead as an old money part of the upper crust. Morality and Ethics. The introduction of Meyer Wolfshiem focuses our attention on the criminal enterprise pervading the Roaring 20s during the Prohibition. Meyer’s active and powerful effect on the world around him – his ability to single-handedly fix the 1919 World Series – contrasts with the two other wealthy men we have met so far. Gatsby clearly at least somewhat admires Meyer’s abilities and also pursues his desire with a big and bold play. Tom, meanwhile, is powerful only in a physically intimidating way, but has neither the vision nor the follow-through for any large accomplishments. Love, Desire, and Relationships. The marriage of Tom and Daisygets more complicated when we see that Daisy had had some kind of romantic connection with Gatsby beforehand, that she had extreme cold feet before going through with the wedding, and that Tom started having affairs as soon as their honeymoon ended. This gives context to some of Daisy’s earlier despairand of course paints Tom in an even worse light. Unreliable Narrator. Finally, we get a chance to see what a different kind of narratorwould do with this story when Jordan takes over the storytelling duties for a while. She is judgmental, quick to mock her subjects, but the story she tells is psychologically cohesive and doesn’t contradict what we now know of the characters. We are left wondering whether a narrator who puts all their biases up front is better than one who pretends to be totally objective like Nick. Tom’s MOis to buy love - he pacifies Daisy’s cold feet with pearls, and later finds Myrtle’s moral qualms much cheaper to overcome. Crucial Character Beats Gatsby tells Nick an origin story: he’s the son of wealthy now-dead Midwesterners, he went to Oxford, and then he fought bravely in WWI. Not only that, but he has a medal and a photograph to prove it! Gatsby introduces Nick to Meyer Wolfshiem. He is clearly affiliated with the Jewish mafia. (In fact, he is based on the real-life gangster Arnold Rothstein.) He is depicted with every horrible anti-Semitic stereotype available – everything from his appearance to the way he speaks is a racist caricature. Jordan fills Nick on Daisy and Tom’s wedding. Daisy had had a romantic connection with Jay Gatsby before then, but ended up marrying Tom after a night of hysterically crying about wanting to call it off. A few months after the wedding, Tom was already cheating on her. Jordan also tells Nick that Gatsby bought the house across the bay from Tom and Daisy’s on purpose. He wants Nick to invite Daisy over so that Gatsby can then â€Å"accidentally† stop by. What’s Next? Get comfortable with the flashbacks and flashforwards of the narrative by checking out the chronological timelineof exactly what happens when in the story. Compare Gatsby and Daisy’s backstory with Fitzgerald’s own youthful love affairto see how authors mine their own experiences to build a richer fictional world. Move on to the summary of Chapter 5, or revisit the summary of Chapter 3. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Dr. Anna Wulick About the Author Anna scored in the 99th percentile on her SATs in high school, and went on to major in English at Princeton and to get her doctorate in English Literature at Columbia. She is passionate about improving student access to higher education. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Thursday, November 21, 2019

Russia and Americas National Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Russia and Americas National Security - Essay Example In my opinion, what Stephen Cohen has to say is fairly correct. I agree with him on most of the points he has put forward. This attempt of Stephen to show the United States the grave danger it is facing should be given a thought and the United States should alter its foreign policy accordingly. John L. Perry in his article, 'Russia Still a Threat, Says Defense Intelligence Agency', mentions that America might officially announce that Russia is just another friendly nation but inside it's intelligence agency knows that Russia is a nuclear threat. (Perry, 2001) Another reason by the United States must change its policies is because Russia now knows that the cold war has not ended from the other end. It has now started to prepare against the United States to protect itself from possible threats. Michael McFaul in his article, reported Putin's announcement of arrangements to be made for Russias safety. Putin did not mention a name but this safety was obviously from the United States. The article also believes that even though the cold war has apparently ended, the United States should still be worried about its present situation and relations with Russia. In the past, Russia might have supported the United States in fighting terrorism but now it is no longer interested in integration with the west. It is now bothered about its own security. It is now interested in joining hand with states that are anti-west, balancing its power with the United States and threathening United States allies namely Gerogia. Micheal also discusses the reason why this has changed. The first reason in his opinion is Moscow not wanting to interact with NATO, European Union and United States and how Russia has drifted from the west's way of governance. The second reason is potential threat from the United States and the fact that it does not want Russia to grow as a nation. According to Putin, the threats have not finished, they have just changed their appearance. Lastly, Russia wants to see itself equally strong and respectable as the United States. (McFaul, 2007) However, the article by Stephen Cohen is ignoring the fact that a lot of points of the present Russian foreign policy are against the United States and these pose as a threat to the United States. Therefore, if United States acts against Russia, it is only doing so to protect itself from dangers.Edward Lucas in his book, "New Cold War Examines Russia's Threat to U.S", also agrees with Stephen. He says that the world is on the verge of a new cold war. But this war would not be like the one before as Russia is not longer in the position to be a global threat. Also this time it is not an ideological war as Russia is now itself a capitalist state. It is a war because Russia is fighting for its value to win this war; Russia is using cash gas propaganda and bluff. He also says that U.S has not done the right thing by not talking to Russia on strategic nuclear weapons and that this does not make America safer. It just increases the danger of an accidental nuclear war. (Lucas, 2008) The world surely does not want to go back to what it has experienced in the past. Therefore, all that can be done to avoid the threat of a new

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Scientific paper on a specific management issue Assignment

Scientific paper on a specific management issue - Assignment Example been significant transformation in regard to business that originated from enhanced communication, digitization as well as globalization, and this transformation has considerably changed the nature of different organizations and the manner in which they carry out their daily operations. These changes affect all the industries, therefore, embracing and adapting to these changes is important to the development and growth of businesses. The managements of companies all over the world that are not national firms anymore but have subsidiaries in numerous countries are rapidly becoming multi-national enterprises. Therefore, companies from any nation are now in competition with those operating not only in their local markets but also in the global markets. The ties companies initially had to specific locations are reducing with the increased spread of operations and allies all over the globe. Starting and operating subsidiaries in foreign nations needs a lot of interaction with the domestic environment since the subsidiary gets majority of its resources from the local environment. The national culture of the country that a subsidiary is operating in sets the standard for acceptable social behavior and this affects the sourcing of workers making a study of the national culture important to the establishment of subsidiaries as well as their operation. In this context, this study seeks to identity the impact of national c ulture on patterns of staffing for subsidiaries. Based on the dissimilarities associated with national cultures, the staffing approach taken in the home nation and host nation may be significantly different. In order to assess this, an appreciation of culture, what is meant by the culture of a nation, what is staffing and the manner in which staffing is different in various cultural contexts must be developed. In order to appreciate national cultures and the level to which they affect businesses especially subsidiaries, it is imperative to develop an

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Gangs in Rio Essay Example for Free

Gangs in Rio Essay Gangs have always been a challenge to a states government. In Rio de Janeiro slums have always been dangerous because of the amount of the amount of gang members going around with guns, knives and many other weapons. There are many ways to understand these gangs; many believe that they do it for respect while others believe they do it because they have no other choice. In the movie â€Å"City of God† we can see the lives of many gang members that live in the slums. With many different sociologist perspectives we can comprehend various aspects of these gangs. Symbolic interactionist, Conflict theorist and Feminism theory are all different sociological perspective that will be discussed in this essay. First of all, Rio de Janeiro is known for their dangerous slums. Many would automatically think violence when It comes around that neighbourhood. To begin with, Symbolic interactionist focus on the subjective aspect of the social life, they base their perspective on the image they have of humans rather than the image they have on the society. One of the key aspects of the perspective is; we are influenced by culture and social processes, such as social norms. In the movie â€Å"City of God†, we can see that many people join the gangs because it has almost become part of their culture to be gang members. Symbolic interactionist would be interested in the way the gang grows very quickly. We can see in â€Å"City of god† or even in â€Å"News from personal war† that kids join the slums army at a really young age because of the amount of people that are part of it. Taking example on the Runts in the â€Å"City of God† movie, we can see that these young kids are mostly influenced by the older dealers fame and money. I believe that symbolic interactionist would be interested in how the kids from the movie â€Å"News from the personal war† don’t see anything wrong in their violent acts. They believe that they are doing nothing but positive for their society. By bringing back medicine, food and clothes to the population they picture themselves as Hero’s and has great citizens. The society encourages them to continue with these violent and dangerous acts by praising them because of the things they give back to their people. This is a major fact of the gangs growth in these low class countries. In this perspective there is also an important aspect that says; we act towards other based on the meaning that those other people have for us. For example, if we look at Knockout Ned’s murderer, he was just an innocent boy that was trying to get revenge for his father’s killer. Not knowing the consequences that this would have on his life he joined a gang to give honour to his father. Symbolic interactionists believe that our social structure is based by our social interactions with others. In other words, symbolic interactions would believe that hood boys had reason and justifications to why they were part of a gang. The crew tremendous growth is because of the social structure that they have in Rio de Janeiro. Secondly, conflict theories would portray the situation in Rio de Janeiro completely differently. Conflict theorists believe that societies are composed of groups in power, status and influence. For example, in the film Lil Ze and his crew would be considered as the group in power, status and has influence on kid. In the movie, Lil Ze makes a rule of no hold ups or anything in the slums by runts. This proves that Lil Ze has complete control on the community because he sets any rule that he desires, we can basically call him a president. Conflict theorist would also argue that the powerless are more prone to break the rules. We can take example on the Runts once again; they robe stores knowing that it is against the societies rules. In the film, Lil Ze seems to blame victims when he would commit violent crimes. He was convinced that people that break rules should pay for their actions. He found happiness in killing people for no absolute reason. Most times, the neighbourhoods and societies are the subjects of study, the battle between rich and poor. Poor people seem to not be able to escape the streets of the city of God, the opportunities to get out of the slums are really slums. In the beginning of the movie you see homeless people walking on the streets and the narrator mentions that these people have nowhere to but to stay on the streets. It is really hard for the poor to avoid doing crimes because of their low level of education, money and opportunity. At last, Feminist theory is known to discuss the importance of gender inequality. For the movie, I believe that the women are experience all the stereotypes we can imagine. In the movie we can see that women are completely used as object and are not respected. In the scene where Lil Ze rapes Knockout Ned’s girlfriend we can see that it is just because to show how he can get whatever he wants, whenever he wants from any women. He uses the girl as an object as if she wasn’t worth anything. This could be considered as gendercide in other words, he raped her as a war crime. The feminist theory also argues the fact that women are completely ignored in societies. Looking at the â€Å"City of God† film, the scene where the two women are talking about their sex experience and one of them mentions how her husband would beat her for asking such things. This shows how women do not have their word to say about anything in the movies. That same women get beat and barried alive because of her unfaithfulness towards her husband but yet, police are more preoccupied into catching Shaggy. This shows us how important the women’s death is to people. Women are mistreated and ignored from society because they are considered to be housewives by stereotype. To conclude, there are different ways of looking at the movie â€Å"City of God†, Symbolic interactionist can look at it has the subjective aspect of the social life, the look at people’s image instead of people image on society. However, Conflict theorist are interested in the people who basically run the streets, the people in power with status and influence. Finally, Feminism theorist are mostly interested in the gender inequality that we can see in societies. All these theories help us have different opinions of people who live in slums like the movie â€Å"City of God† and may bring to and understanding the people who actually live in them

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Essay --

e Rush Professor Amita Topics in History: Buddhism December 16, 2013 â€Å"Finding Oneself in a Suffering Based World† ACADEMIC INTEGRITY PLEDGE On my honor, I have neither received nor given any unauthorized assistance on this examination (assignment). ___________Paije Rush_______ Print Name ____________Paije Rush______ Signature (Print Name again on e-submission) __________December 17, 2013________ Date All of our problems and suffering originate from confused negatives states of mind and all happiness and good fortunes derive from peaceful and positive states of mind. In this course, we have learned about the Buddha, the Dharma, The Four Noble Truths, the cause and effect of suffering in one’s life. In this course I have learned to creatively and critically analyze literary materials learned through the Buddha’s insights from over 2,000 years ago. I was taught methods for gradually overcoming negative minds such as anger to develop minds with love compassion and wisdom, attributes that are obtained through experience. Topics in History of Buddhism has taught me that Buddhism is a religion of its own that you learn through practice and experience rather than a belief. This idea is a little complicated for some to grasp. In our culture, â€Å"religion† is a better system and â€Å"faith† is one’s way of accepting those beliefs. The Buddha has taught us to accept no teachings without testing them. Instead of believing in teachings one should practice the teachings to realize the truth of them. In Buddhism there are three general levels of the communication. There is the enlightened level, the intellectual level, and the common level. Within these three levels enforces the learning and practicing of the Buddha’s teachings. With le... ...ous life changes. They went from having extremely poor behavior to influencing others to be involved in such an inspirational journey. Overall, from this course I have obtained the notion that overcoming suffering truly depends on the person and their dedication to wanting to free themselves of suffering, pain, violence, and fear to live a liberated life. As long as we are enveloped in ignorance, one’s thought of self, the world, and anything else is just a theory until proven to be true. One must grasp the idea that extinction of desire, Nirvana, and following the steps on the path to liberation is the ultimate goal of a suffer-free life. Once one can successfully cultivate one’s mind so that they are free from the delusion of â€Å"I† and the craving for the wrong type of pleasures, one can then see oneself for themselves and the have a clear understanding of reality.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Voter Apathy American Govermnet

Amer. Gov. Voter Apathy 1. What are some possible causes of voter apathy? Voter apathy is a growing problem in the United States. It’s when people who are eligible to vote choose not to. There are many causes of voter apathy and I believe not all of the reasons are done intentionally by people. One reason is, not knowing enough about the candidates running for office. When you don’t know anything about who is actually running how are you expected to make an educated and sincere vote? I think the mind set of people is if they don’t know enough information then they are better off just not getting involved.Politics can become boring and mundane therefore citizens chose not to pay attention to what’s id going on in the campaigning process. All too often we hear the same old things out of these politicians so shutting them out and choosing not to learn more about that is an easy escape. Negative campaigning and advertisements are another cause of voter apathy. When all we see on TV are negative ads about each candidate or each party then our attitudes towards either side change. Nobody wants to be involved in something that has a negative effect or outcome.I think that the negative advertisement is the main problem. It’s the fastest way to communicate to a lot of people but unfortunately people don’t want to hear complaining, whining, put downs and derogatory comments. Warne 2 2. How might voters shed apathy and regain interest in elections and the electoral process? Shedding apathy can be achieved by better educating the youth on the impact of voting. I think if teens today actually understood the process of voting many would take action and participate. Its looked upon in California and also other places in the United states as â€Å"oh my vote doesn’t count. If we were taught about how important voting actually was and how every vote does count then more citizens would register. Another way to regain interest in the elections is instilling strong citizenship values in young voters. If you have good values as a citizen and respect the country you live in, you will know that it’s your duty to elect the people who actually run your country. Everyone should be taught if you don’t vote you don’t have the right to complain about who wins. Lastly, making registration and voting more convenient would help improve the numbers of citizens registering and voting.So many of us have busy lives with a lot going on and forget to take the time to pay attention and vote. If voting was made simpler and more convenient then many more would do it. I think mostly people who use the excuse that they couldn’t find the times to vote are just being lazy. If families, schools, and community leaders work together to help society and young Americans, then the United States of America will have more citizens involved in the political aspects of their communities. 3. How would you go about ex plaining the importance of voting and encouraging citizens to participate in the most democratic of all processes?The only way to explain that Voting is extremely important is by saying that without voting we wouldn’t get anywhere in the world. All decisions would be on a dictator basis. In American we have the greatest right that most countries do not possess. That is the right to vote. It’s a way of exercising your right as an adult human being in a free country to express your opinion on issues. Every vote counts. You have to understand that it is how we hire the people who run the country. It helps you decide your own future by electing a person who might reflect your own views so you can live happily and comfortably.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Nokia Analysis

IntroductionNokia is one of the largest telecommunication manufacturer companies in the world. They are recognized globally for their reliable and high quality products. Though they are a pioneer in manufacturing mobile phones and the GSM technology, Nokia’s profitability has been on the decline in recent years. A reduction of market share in North America of thirty-five percent in March of 2008 to eight and one tenths percent in April of 2010 highlight’s Nokia’s decline (Wong, 2011).Synopsis of the situationNokia has been on a steady decline for the last few years due to outdated product design and technology. On February 11, 2011, Nokia’s new CEO Stephen Elop announced a new mobile strategy to adopt Microsoft’s new but unproven windows phone as its primary smartphone operating system (Wong, 2011). Nokia’s flagship phone, the Vertu, has been a staple in the urban luxury market for the last eight years. Will Nokia’s loyal customer acce pt or reject this new move for their beloved devise.Key IssuesNokia was once an industry leader, but as of recently found themselves behind in the times. Nokia has several key issues that need to be addressed. The first is their shrinking market share and brand preference. The next issue is the inability to deliver innovative products in a timely manner.Define the ProblemThe Microsoft operating system is not a winning over the customers that Elop thought that it would. Nokia has one phone that has been their flagship item for the last eight years. It is believed that making the change to the Microsoft operating system on that phone will cause Nokia to lose the customers for that one popular devise.Alternative solutionsOne alternate solution that could be well received would be to scrap the Microsoft idea all together. The system could be replaced with the current Android smartphone operating system. Android has a proven track record and is even more popular and used than iOS6 which is Apples current operating system.Selected Solution of the problemThe solution is to move forward with the production of the phones with the Microsoft operating system. Nokia has always been on the cutting edge of technology. They did not get to the place that they are by following the trends. Nokia is a company that sets the trends. Microsoft’s operating system is a viable option for the Nokia platform andImplementationImplementing new technology in the workplace can be an advantage to current job performance levels. You may experience an increase in production and reduction of working man hours while adding considerably to the bottom line of the company's income statement. This could be the shot in the arm that Nokia needs. Integrating this new technology in your current system without any disruption to the current workflow can prove to be challenging.You may run into problems with compatibility due to existing systems, hard-to-train workers or errors in the technology ins tallation, all of which adds cost and time to the integration process (Simmons, 2011). There are approaches you can take to make the integration of the new technology as seamless and frustration-free as possible. It is just a matter of careful planning and the support of the workers and vendors alike.RecommendationsIt is my recommendation that the Nokia stays the course. The new and improved Vertu will be a greater success that its predecessor. It is time for the company to regain its place on top of the leader board in the industry, and this new decision could take them there. Nokia will never be at the head of the pack by following its competitors.ConclusionIn conclusion, I feel that that the current CEO of Nokia, Stephen Elop, should take the reins of this company and lead it into a new era. Elop has solid ideas and sound vision for the direction of the company. I feel that the customers that have been loyal to Nokia will continue to be loyal to the company. These customers expec t something new and exciting. That excitement is what led them to Nokia in the first place. It is Nokia’s job to fulfill that promise. There was some initial negative reaction to the news of the direction of the company, but you can always expect some adversity with change. We do not change because it is the easy thing to do; we change because it is necessary. It is necessary to evolve to remain in existence.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

The Monkeys Paw and The Withered Arm Essays

The Monkeys Paw and The Withered Arm Essays The Monkeys Paw and The Withered Arm Paper The Monkeys Paw and The Withered Arm Paper Essay Topic: Literature The Monkeys Paw and The Withered Arm are tales of great suffering and pain in your opinion who suffers most what makes this character interesting? Compare and contrast the supernatural elements of each and finally which made the greater impact upon you and why? For this piece of coursework I have studied two short stories written before 1900 both are tragic tales of fate and its consequences. The Withered Arm by Thomas Hardy is a tragic story about how one womans feelings of jealousy towards another, spiral out of control until it ends with the death of her only son. The Monkeys Paw by W.W.Jacobs is also about how a mans feelings of greed lead to the death of his only son. The characters in both stories suffer tremendously as a result of their feelings but I feel that The Withered Arms main character Rhoda Brook had suffered the most compared to Mr. White from The Monkeys Paw. Rhoda Brook had suffered long before the supernatural element of the story occurred. Rhoda is alienated from the rest of the farm workers as she had a son with the farms owner, Farmer Lodge. A thin fading woman of thirty milked somewhat apart from the rest. This shows that Rhoda suffers as she is all alone and has noone but her son for comfort. Farmer Lodge abandoned Rhoda and her son and got remarried to a much younger, prettier woman than Rhoda. This caused Rhoda to become besieged with jealously and orders her son to spy on the new Mrs Lodge. You can give her a look, and tell me what shes like. Her suffering furthers as she soon she becomes obsessed with comparing Gertrude with herself and is filled with jealousy, anger, resentment and desperation so much so that she has a disturbing dream where she visualises Gertrude taunting her as she lays in bed. The figure then thrust forward its left hand mockingly so as to make the wedding ring it wore glitter in Rhodas eyes. This dream furthers her misery and changes the course of her life. One day Gertrude visits Rhodas cottage out of kindness, bringing new boots for Rhodas boy. In looks, Gertrude looks just as Rhoda pictured her but her manner and character take her completely by surprise. This adds to Rhodas suffering because she feels guilty about the feelings she had about Gertrude. She did not wish to inflict upon her physical pain. Gertrude becomes a regular visitor to the cottage and she and Rhoda develop a friendship. They share their private thoughts and feelings. Gertrude confides in Rhoda a worry she has about an injury to her left arm. On seeing the bruise marks, Rhoda immediately recognises them as the marks she had made on Gertrude in her dream. Rhoda immediately feels guilty. Rhoda begins to wonder whether she has witch-like powers to put a curse on other people and her worst fears are confirmed when she sees that Gertrudes arm is becoming shrivelled. But she had a haunting reason to be superstitious now; and she had been seized with sudden dread that this might prove her as the malignant influence which was blasting the fair person of Gertrude. Rhodas suffering continues as Gertrude trusts her and confides with Rhoda and when Gertrude tells her about her failing relationship with Farmer Lodge because of her withered arm. Rhodas never ending feelings of guilt drain her mentally. She wants to do whatever she can to help her new found friend but is still scared of being found out. Rhoda suffers when Gertrude begs for her help. Rhoda brings her to Conjuror Trendle to see if he can help, even though she is aware that she could be found out. When they reach Conjuror Trendles home he reveals that Gertrudes withered arm had been caused by the work of an enemy but only Gertrude could see who it was. Tis the work of an enemy. If you like, I can show the person to you, though I shall not myself know who it is. This made Rhoda suffer because she didnt know whether Gertrude knew that she was behind her discomfort. Rhodas suffering furthers when word got out that she was a witch and people taunted her until it got so bad that she and her son had to leave the town. The latter kept her own counsel about the incubus, but her face grew sadder and thinner and in the spring she and her boy disappeared from the neighbourhood of Holmstoke. The next time we see Rhoda is when Gertrude goes to cure her arm by touching the corpse of a hanged man and finds out that the dead body is actually that, of Rhodas son. This is obviously a great cause of suffering on Rhodas part as her son has just been hanged and she now has noone from her family left. Rhoda spends the rest of her life suffering. She is old and alone working on the farm yet again until she dies. Her monotonous milking at the dairy was resumed and followed for many long years, till her form became bent, and her once abundant dark hair became white and worn away at the forehead. My opinion on Rhoda Brook is that she is a very lonely person and I feel very sorry for her. I respect her too for her fierce loyalty to Gertrude even though she was the cause of her discomfort. Rhoda is an unselfish person who cannot help but to let her feelings and emotions get the better of her. Rhoda is a very interesting character as she seems to be lonely and boring yet such unlikely events happen in her life. What makes her very interesting is that she has some kind of supernatural element to her personality which makes terrible things happen without her wanting them to. There are many similarities in both stories. Both stories are pre-occupied with the idea of fate and supernatural elements. In The Withered Arm the fate of Rhoda is that she loses her son due to human weakness and is destined to live her life sad and alone. Her monotonous milking at the dairy was resumed, and followed for many long years. In The Monkeys Paw the fate of Mr and Mrs White is that they lose their son due to greed and subsequently live the reset of their lives in sorrow. The days passed, and expectation gave place to resignation the hopeless resignation of the old, sometimes miscalled apathy. Sometimes they hardly exchanged a word, for now they had nothing to talk about, and their days were long to weariness. Fate is the main theme in many of Hardys novels. Fate rules peoples lives and that those who interfered with it did so to their sorrow. Both stories are about human weakness which results in death and pain. The two main characters, Rhoda and Mr White lose their sons because of human weakness but both believe it is coincidence but fear that a more sinister element is at work. After the burial of their dead both characters spend their days in silent suffering. Rhoda Brook returns to her sad and lonely state living and working on the farm Her monotonous milking at the dairy was resumed and followed for many long years. and Mr and Mrs White are withdrawn and miserable and spend their nights in subdued silence and bereavement. Sometimes they hardly exchanged a word, for now they had nothing to talk about, and their days were long to weariness. There are also many differences in both the stories. In The Withered Arm the human weakness is jealousy, Rhoda is jealous of Gertrude and in The Monkeys Paw it is greed, Mr Whites weakness when offered an item which would award him with three wishes. In The Monkeys Paw the weather is caught up in the tragic destiny outside the wind was higher than ever and the old man started nervously at the sounds of a door banging upstairs. In The Withered Arm it is the landscape that reflects the atmosphere of near tragedy, it was a long walk; thick clouds made the atmosphere dark, though it was as yet only early afternoon; and the wind howled dismally over the slopes of the heath. Another difference is that in The Monkeys Paw there is a magical item in it. The monkeys paw is a charm given to the Whites by a soldier who warns them of the consequences of its three wishes. The paw brings great misfortune with each wish and is the cause of all tragic occurrences whereas the tragedies caused in The Withered Arm are caused by human weakness and a supernatural element inside Rhoda. Both stories had a great impact on me as they are both astonishing and exciting stories but the one that had the greatest impact on me was The Monkeys Paw. I liked this story as it was quite short and all the events in it happened quite quickly and unexpectedly. The language used in this story is quite nice as it flows together well. The plot to the story is quite surprising especially in the end when Mrs White wishes for her son to come back from the dead. The ending is very good, but part of me wanted to find out what would have happened if Mr White hadnt wished his son dead again. In my opinion The Monkeys Paw is the more exciting story although I enjoyed The Withered Arm also.

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Avert eyes, Divert attention

Avert eyes, Divert attention Avert eyes, Divert attention Avert eyes, Divert attention By Maeve Maddox A dog trainer gives the following advice: If you pass a barking dog or other distraction, keep moving forward. If your dog averts its attention to the distraction, give a tug on the lead to avert the attention back to the walk at hand. The uses of the word avert in this passage strike me as odd because, although avert has the sense of turning, avert suggests a turning away from something, not towards it. avert: 1 : to turn away or aside (ones face, eyes, thoughts) especially in order to escape something dangerous, unpleasant, or disconcerting Merriam-Webster The dog trainer may have been reaching for the word divert: divert: 1. trans. To turn aside (a thing, as a stream, etc.) from its (proper) direction or course; to deflect (the course of something); to turn from one destination or object to another. OED The word avert suggests a turning away in the sense of moving one’s body: She averted her face from the stranger. or preventing something bad from happening: With courage and skill the pilot averted a fatal crash. Traffic is diverted. Disaster is averted. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comparative Forms of AdjectivesTime Words: Era, Epoch, and EonWriting a Thank You Note

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Fatigue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Fatigue - Essay Example Because of this subtlety, it is important to develop methods of predicting and controlling fatigue during the design process. The progress of fatigue is categorised into three stages (Budynas and Nisbett, 2006). Stage I is the presence of microcracks, which are the tiny regions of plastic deformation from which the failure process begins. During stage II, these cracks steadily grow and increase in length. It is during this stage that cracks can be detected and measured, and are apparent in post-failure analysis as visible ridges: How quickly a part reaches failure due to fatigue is an important question for mechanical design. It is a complicated process, influenced by many factors. A cornerstone of fatigue behaviour prediction is extensive materials testing. Whatever the mathematical framework used to predict fatigue behaviour, it invariably relies on empirical measurements of representative material samples. Because crack formation and propagation are stochastic processes, these tes ts must be repeated a large number of times and a statistical average used as a guideline. This is particularly true for low cycle fatigue. Characterization of Cyclical Loads In order to discuss fatigue and the types of loading that cause it, some standard terminology needs to first be established. Any cyclical stress can be characterized by the following parameters: ?a Stress amplitude ?r Stress range ?m Mid-range stress ?max Maximum stress ?min Minimum stress Additionally, there is the stress ratio R, and the amplitude ratio A defined by: In contrast to static failure, which occurs when a single threshold value is exceeded, fatigue failure can result from a near-endless combination of the above components. A number of different criteria have been developed to determine which combinations will lead to failure. The following diagram shows some of these criteria, with points on or above each line indicating failure. Some criteria are clearly more conservative than others, from the So derberg line to the Gerber ellipse. These criteria are somewhat crude approaches that do little to describe the physical phenomenon; they are deterministic, whilst the phenomenon itself is stochastic. They were developed early in the study of fatigue, and are primarily useful for quick estimation. The following three sections define more rigorous approaches. Fatigue-Life Methods Stress-Life Method The stress-life method is very convenient and intuitive, and consists of applying repetitive stresses to a sample, then measuring the number of cycles to failure. A sample of material is loaded into a high-speed rotating-beam machine, which places the sample into a state of pure bending, then rotates it to create fully-reversed cyclical axial stresses within it. These samples are very carefully machined and polished to control surface defects that could initiate a crack. Testing begins at near-yield strength, and then gradually reduced in subsequent tests. The result is known as the  "S-N curve† which shows the expected fatigue strength vs. the number of cycles to expected failure. This method of determining material fatigue properties is straightforward to implement, but lacks accuracy, particularly for determining low-cycle endurance. Fatigue failure is stochastic in nature, and even the most carefully-controlled experiments

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Don Martin Limited Marketing Analysis Case Study

Don Martin Limited Marketing Analysis - Case Study Example The business has attempted several strategies to increase its profits, including increasing the prices of its products, increasing production lines, and promoting the business through newspapers and radio. Due to these pitfalls, marketing strategy is exceptionally paramount for the success of the business (Pearce and Hardy 379). Most of the customers in this business are low income earners. They also live within the business jurisdiction. Due to their limited income, these customers require low priced products. To attract more customers from the area, Don Martin limited has decided to open credit account to its customers. Despite offering credit to customers, the business has continued to lose them due to poor services and high cost of its products. Frequent increases in price to maximize profit have, therefore, discouraged customers from shopping in Don Martin limited. To attract more customers and compete effectively in the market, the business should consider reducing the cost of its products. The demographic size in the business location is high. The business is located along the thoroughfare street right in the middle of the city blue-collar district (Michael and Kenneth 379). The business potential customers are blue-collar workers who constitute both middle and lower class males and females. There are different products in the business essential to the potential customers. The number of people in the town where the business is located is high enough to make the business succeed and earn adequate profit. To attract a considerable number of potential customers into the business, the business managers and administrators must consider improving the quality of their services. As confirmed by Don Martin, many customers expect quality services from the salespersons in the business. The business potential customers are middle aged people. Most of the products sold in the store are regularly used by middle aged people. Additionally, most of the blue-collar jobs a re done by energetic middle aged people. Middle aged people buy products from Don Martin limited during weekends and in the evenings. To attract most of these customers, Don Martin administrators should consider offering their services over the weekends and during evening hours. Middle aged people also prefer buying their household products close to their residential areas. Therefore, Don Martins limited should consider opening businesses nears their residential areas. They should also consider improving their services delivery. This is due to the fact that most young people prefer quality services for their money. To attract and retain middle aged customers, the business management should consider advancing its service delivery to potential customers. In the recent past, Don Martin limited has faced severe reduction in its customers due to its poor services. To attract more customers, Don Martin limited should conduct market survey to understand its customers’ needs. The bus inesses should ensure that the relevant products are offered to young people in their area of coverage. On the other hand, the business has also relied on outdated service delivery methods. As observed by Don Martin, the other stores have offered different products for shoppers to compare. Don Martin limited lacks variety of products and services for the potential shoppers to compare. In its early years, Don Martin lim

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Ronald Reagans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ronald Reagans - Essay Example Islamists groups were becoming stronger an aspect that increased the Americans concern due to their ailing economy (Historical times, 2011). In 1980, the country was in need of a leader who was to reform the economy. Peace through strength slogan by the conservative popularized the party and as a result Ronald Reagan was elected. The slogan supported military strength which was aimed at creating peaceful international relations in the world (Snyder & Brown, 1997, p. 45). After he took power he invested heavily on military buildup in order to wear down the soviet that had attained much power. By the time he stepped down, the military budget has been expanded to 44% increase. This increased thousands of troops, more advanced war equipments and even an advanced intelligence program. The program was of great importance as it returned America back to its military position. There is no country that can develop its economy when it is not guaranteed that the state of security is high. This is because investors fear to invest in a country where their capital is not secure (Hodge & Nolan, 2007, p.343). As a result, America recorded tremendous growth as investors were ready to invest in the country as security of their investment was guaranteed. The benefits of this economic growth and military superiority are being experienced even in current decade (Hodge & Nolan, 2007). Reagan two terms marked a new and dramatic era of innovation. Due to the funds that the government set aside for innovation, many innovators were encouraged to come up with new innovative ideas that were aimed at improving country’s security and economic growth. The innovation era was not just in America but even in other countries especially in the soviet as they tried to keep with Americans. This saw them falling into a budget deficit (Hodge & Nolan, 2007). Massive military expenditure enabled the government to avoid war. This was through scaring off their enemies due

Sunday, October 27, 2019

The Importance of Credit Risk Management in Banking

The Importance of Credit Risk Management in Banking Credit risk implies a potential risk that the counterparty of a loan agreement is likely to fail to meet its obligations as per the original loan agreement, and may eventually default on the obligation. Credit risks can be classified into many forms such as options , equities , mutual funds , bonds , loans and other financial issues as well , which in extensions of guarantees and the settlement of these transactions. (International Auditing Practice Statement 1006 Audits of the Financial Statements of Banks) IS IT Important For the Banks To manage Their Credit Risks ? Risk is always associated with the banking activities, and taking risk is the important part of any banking operation, there is hardly any banking operation without the risk. Most of the bankers are said to be sound when they have a clear overview of what is the amount of risk involved in the current transaction and they make sure that some of the partly earnings are therefore kept for these risks. The granting of any form of credit is the common form for any bank and this risk is very common and this is the source of risks the banks are always exposed to. (Anderson et al, 2001). By being exposed to credit risk banks have been faced with a lot of problems. The banks couple of years ago realised that credit risk is important and the banks need to monitor, identify, control and measure it is very significant. Due to this the effective management of credit risk has become a critical component of approaching risk management. This approach will be especially important in terms of the long term success of any bank. Banks now ensure that they have large amount of capital against any form of credit risks so that they can be in a position to adequately tackle any risks which will be incurred. (Bank for International Settlement, 1999) The credit risk is in the entire portfolio of any bank and also the risk which is associated in individual credits or any other transactions have to be managed adequately. It is always a ascertained that the relationship between the credit risk and other forms of risks need be to considered very seriously in to account, in order to Increase shareholder value through value creation, value preservation and value optimization Increase confidence in the market place Alleviate regulatory constraints and distortions (Amitabh Bhargava ICICI, 2000) The Basel II Accord specifies that banks must have new procedures for measuring against credit risks. Advantages and Disadvantages of Credit Risk Management The advantages of Credit risk management include: Credit risk management allows predicting and forecasting and also measuring the potential risk factor in any transaction. The banks management can also make use of certain credit models which can act as a valuable tool which can be used to determine the level of lending measuring the risk. It is always better to have some alternative techniques and strategies for transferring credit, pricing and hedging options. The disadvantages of Credit risk management include: Deciding on how good a risk you are cannot be entirely scientific, so the bank must also use judgments. Cost and Control associated with operating a credit scoring system. With the existence of different models, it?s hard to decide which to use, more often than not, companies will take a one model fits all approach to credit risk, which can result in wrong decisions. How Banks Measure Credit Risk The level of credit risk faced by a bank is provided by the structure of a bank?s credit portfolio. If the portfolio consists of large amount of loans in a certain asset class then this might be an indication of an increased risk. Similarly the presence of complex financial transactions such as lending may also indicate a larger risk. In general a risk always comprises of two kinds: One is risk exposure and the other one is the uncertainty element, and for the credit risk and the credit quality represents the uncertainty element and credit exposure represents risk exposure. Therefore a bank can assess its credit risk by analysing the credit quality of an obligation and its credit exposure. While assessing credit quality and exposure a bank must consider three issues: Probability of default or any sort of possibility whether the other party which is the counter party will default on the obligation either over the life of the obligation over a specific period of time. The exposure of credit or the amount of the outstanding obligation which again depends on the size if there is any case of default. Rate of recovery this is the extent towards which the credit can be recovered through some banking processes like bankruptcy and other proceedings of settlements. In the last decade or so many banks have started to make use of models in order to assess the risks for their credit which they lend. The credit risk models are very complex and include algorithm based methods of assessing credit risk. The aim of such model is to help banks in quantifying, aggregating and managing credit risk. Despite the method the focus of credit risk assessment stays credit quality and risk exposure. Analysis of the Quality of Credit (Credit Quality) Credit quality is a measure of the that counterparties?s ability to perform on that obligation?. (Contingency Analysis, 2003) A bank adopts different approaches for assessing credit quality of considering loans to individuals or businesses. If it is for small businesses then the credit quality will be assessed through a process of credit scoring. This is based on information obtained by the bank about the party who want the loan. The information which is gathered tends to be about annual income, existing debts etc. Credit score is generally calculated by a formula which is applied to the information which is obtained which gives a number based on it the score is generated. The credit score is a highly accurate prediction of how likely the party is to pay bills, the higher the score the better it looks to the bank. (Curry, 2007) However, assessing a large party is based on credit analysis of the loan done by specially designated credit analysts. This just like mention above is base on credit scoring but it involves human judgement. It involves an in depth analysis of various aspect of the party in question including balance sheet, income statement etc. Also assessing the nature of the obligation is taken into account as well. On basis of credit analysis the analyst assigns that party a credit rating. This allows the bank to make decisions regarding credit. A bank can also use credit ratings to measure the share of the borrowers with creditworthiness in its portfolio and get a clear indication of default risk. Measuring Credit Exposure Credit exposure also needs to be taken into account when assessing credit risk or risk exposure. If for example a bank has loaned money to a business, the bank may calculate the credit exposure rate as the outstanding balance on the loan amount. However, in case if the bank by any chance has increased or extended the line of credit but none of the line have been drawn down then the approach will be different. In this case the risk exposure may seem to be nil, but it does not reflect any sort of right by itself to draw down the line of credit. If the firm gets into any financial difficulty it can be expected to draw on the credit line before any bankruptcy. Therefore in this case the bank may consider its credit exposure to be equal to the line of the credit. Credit exposure as a fraction can also be used sometimes to calculate the credit exposure for the total line of credit. (Duffie Singleton, 2003) How Banks Mange Their Credit Risk Credit risk management practices differ from bank to bank. Generally these type of practices are dependent on the type and complexity of the credit activities which are taken by the banks. In recent years banks have been using models for credit risk management. Bank Credit Risk Management Practices: Yesterday and Today The traditional approach to managing credit risk has been based on establishing a limit of credit at various levels for the individual borrowers an sometimes also based on geographical are and industry type. Also collateral and relationship exiting hardly seem adequate to cope with the declining economics of loan markets. (Gontarek, 1999) These limits specify the maximum exposures a bank is willing to take. Until the early 1990?s , credit risk analysis was limited only based on the reviews of the loans of individuals and most of the banks kept the loans on their books for maturity. (Bernanke, 2006) In recent years banking industry has made strides in managing credit risk. Managing the credit risks is the main focus of any banking operation these days and many banking?s are looking now from transaction management to portfolio management. And have slowly changed from monitoring to practising and also predicting their performance. Banks are still holding onto traditional credit risk management tools but these are becoming more and more sophisticated. Various forms of tools and models have been generated to measure and predict the performance and management of portfolio risks which in turn build competitive advantage. Despite the differences in the credit risk management practices the credit risk management in any bank rest on four pillar of: appropriate credit risk environment Sound credit-granting process or criteria that includes a clear indication of the bank?s target market Appropriate credit administration, measurement and monitoring process Adequate controls over credit risk. (Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 2000) Therefore whether traditional or modern, credit risk management in banks involves reviewing creditworthiness of counterparties, setting credit limits for counterparties, evaluation of credit risk and reporting credit limits and exposures to management. (Caouette et al, 1998) Recent Trends in Credit Risk Management by Banks The credit risk management is undergoing an important change in the banking industry. Banks have clearly indicated that centralization, standardization, consolidation, timeliness, active portfolio management and efficient tools for exposures are the key best practice in credit risk management. (SAS, 2004) A bank in America is considering having efficient tools for ?what if? analysis and tools. Also another bank is focusing on stress testing, concentration risk, macro-hedges and capital market risk management. (SAS, 2004) The majority of the world?s large banks agree that integrating environmental and broader social issues into their core credit risk management process is essential to managing credit risk in the 21stcentury. (Huppman, 2005) Leading banks including Barclays now view that these non traditional issues as real credit risk variables that potentially affect their client?s bottom lines as well as their own. Quantitative models are being used by banks to measure and manage credit risk. Most of the Commercial bankers have started to opt for making use of the credit risk models for their credit options especially with relation to consumer lending and mortgage. These models are known as credit scoring models and were developed for consumer lending. On the other hand it has been a few years ago where the use of these credit risks models have been implemented successfully and are integrated these days with almost every bank to manage their risk. (Bluhm et al , 2003) In 2001, the UK?s biggest mortgage bank, Halifax, developed a forward looking credit risk management strategy which made use of quantitative models for risk management. (Algorithmics Incoporate, 2001) Similarly HSBC serves over 125 million customers worldwide and is the one of the world?s largest banking and financial services organizations. The world largest provider of quantitative credit risk solutions to lenders (Moody?s KMV) have decide to provide HSBC with this, which will provides HSBC a methodology for rapid, accurate measurement and benchmarking of credit risk portfolio. (Vyse, 2006) Role Of Management in Managing Credit Risk The board of directors of a bank approve and review the credit risk strategy and significant credit risk policies of the bank. The bank?s strategy reflects the bank?s tolerance for risk and the level of profitability the bank expects to achieve for incurring credit risks. These days banks establish and enforce internal controls and other practices to ensure that exceptions to policies, procedures and limits are reported in a timely manner to the management. Due to this credit risk is constantly monitored by the management. Innovations in Technology and Credit Risk Management Credit risk management in banks is also getting affected by innovations in technology. Innovations in technology have made significant improvements in bank information systems. This has also been encouraged by Basel II. The improvements in bank information systems has certainly increased the abilities of many banks and their management process to measure and identify and also control the characteristics of any kind of risk. For example ICBC (Industrial and Commercial Bank of China) the credit management computer system was further perfected with risk alert and conversion functions and it performed effective real-time monitoring on the quality and operations of the credit assets. (ICBC, 2001)